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Mary Fulkerson
Mary Fulkerson is a dance teacher and choreographer, born in the United States, who developed an approach to expressive human movement called 'Anatomical Release Technique' in the US and UK, and 〔Bannerman, H., A Question of Somatics - The Search For A Common Framework For Twenty-First-Century Contemporary Dance Pedagogy: Graham And Release-Based Techniques'. Journal of Dance & Somatic Practices, Vol, 2, No. 1, 2010, pp.5-19.〕〔Lepkoff, D. 'What is Release Technique'. Movement Research Performance Journal, 19, Vol. 19, 1999.〕 which has influenced the practice of dance movement therapy, as seen in the clinical work of Bonnie Meekums,〔Meekums, B., Dance Movement Therapy: A Creative Psychotherapeutic Approach. Sage, 2002.〕 postmodern dance, as exemplified by the choreography of Kevin Finnan,〔Butterworth, J., Dance Studies: The Basics. Routledge, 2011.〕 and the application of guided meditation and guided imagery, as seen in the psychotherapeutic work of Paul Newham.〔Newham, P., Using Voice and Movement in Therapy. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 1999.〕
Mary Fulkerson's primary contribution to dance, dance therapy, and guided meditation derives from the way she taught dancers and non-dancers how to use their own mental imagery to motivate expressive movement,〔Meekums, B., 'Spontaneous Symbolism in Clinical Supervision: Moving Beyond Logic'. Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy, Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2007.〕 which she developed upon the principles and practices previous established by Mabel Todd, Barbara Clark, Lulu Sweigard,〔Sweigard, L. E., Human Movement Potential: Its Ideokinetic Facilitation. Allegro Editions, 2013.〕 and Joan Skinner,〔Todd, M. E.. The Thinking Body: A Study of the Balancing Forces of Dynamic Man. Dance Books Limited, 1977. First published 1937.〕〔Matt P., and Clark B., A Kinesthetic Legacy: The Life and Works of Barbara Clark. CMT Press, 1993.〕〔Rolland, J., Inside Motion: An Ideokinetic Basis for Movement Education. Rolland String Research Associates, 1987.〕〔Bernard, A., Steinmuller, W., and Stricker, U., Applied Ideokinesis: A Creative Approach to Human Movement and Body Alignment. North Atlantic Books, 2006.〕 evolving her main teachings at Dartington College of Arts between 1973 and 1985.〔Childs, P., and Storry, M., Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. Routledge, 2013.〕
These teachers developed an approach to rehabilitative physical education, choreography, and improvised dance that had in common the facilitation of healthy and expressive movement through volitional use of imagination, which involved visualizing the structure and motion of the body, and allowing this kinaesthetic imagery to inform the way they moved. The term 'ideokinesis' denotes use of such imagery to rehabilitate and precipitate human movement, which Sweigard borrowed from the American piano teacher Bonpensière, who used imagery in his music teaching, and invented the word by combining two words derivivative of Greek: 'ideo' for idea or thought, and 'kinesis' for movement.〔Bernard, A.,. 'An Introduction to Ideokinesis'. Contact Quarterly Vol. 22 Issue 2, 1997, 23-5.〕〔Overby, L. Y. and Dunn, J., 'The History and Research Of Dance Imagery: Implications For Teachers'. The IADMS Bulletin for Teachers, Volume 3, Issue 2, 2011, pp9-11.〕〔Williams, D., Teaching Dancing with Ideokinetic Principles. University of Illinois Press, 2011.〕
Fulkerson initiated two developments in the work established by her predecessors. Firstly, she extended the type of imagery used by her students and dancers in both choreographed and improvised dance beyond the anatomical and kinesthetic. This enabled her students and dancers to physicalize and embody a range of images, including entities, animals, and characters. Secondly, she prepared her dancers and students for practice, rehearsal, and performance using a technique comparable to guided meditation, guided imagery, and creative visualization, verbally suggesting images as the members of her ensemble or class lay still, becoming increasingly aware of their body prior to initiating movement. As a consequence, Fulkerson's approach to dance education has been described as a form of movement meditation.〔Mock, R., Performing Processes. Intellect Books, 2000.〕〔Olsen, A., The Place of Dance: A Somatic Guide to Dancing and Dance Making. Wesleyan University Press, 2014.〕〔Studd, K. A., 'Ideokinesis, Mental Rehearsal and Relaxation Applied To Dance Technique'. Masters Thesis. University of Oregon, 1983.〕〔Sklar, D., 'Reprise: On Dance Ethnography'. Dance Research Journal Vol. 32, No. 1, 2000), pp. 70-77.〕〔Meekums, B., Dance Movement Therapy: A Creative Psychotherapeutic Approach. Sage, 2002.〕
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